Logo Logo Future Vision 2030 logo for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the future, the vital society and the prosperous economy and the ambitious homeland, interest in development and growth and achieving Saudi goals, white background
Interest in development, growth and achieving goals, the slogan of the future Vision 2030 for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the future, a vibrant society, a prosperous economy and an ambitious nation, the architectural art of the towers and illuminated skyscrapers in the city of Riyadh.
A Saudi Arabian Gulf businesswoman holding a tablet, an architect, a hologram background for 3D engineering buildings, engineering and business development, economic growth, vision 2030
Flagpole of the future Vision 2030 for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the future, a vibrant society, a prosperous economy, and an ambitious nation, interest in development, growth, and achieving Saudi goals, gray background
Strengthening global cooperation, the Kingdom’s role in economic growth and development renaissance, achieving Saudi Vision 2030, leadership in supporting global economic opportunities in the city of Riyadh, a businessman and woman discussing the Future Investment Initiative at the King Abdulaziz Convention Center, Davos in the desert.
A Saudi Arabian Gulf man aspires to achieve a better future vision, different gestures, facial expressions and hands, keeping pace with aspirations and facing challenges, realizing ambitions, Vision 2030
Saudi Arabia's future vision 2030, a Saudi Gulf Arab man wearing a white thobe and shemagh and carrying the Saudi flag, the anniversary of the National Day for the Unification of the Kingdom, September 23, the Saudi Flag Day, March 11, the Saudi National Day, the background of the towers and skyscrapers of the city of Riyadh at sunset
Achieving Saudi Vision 2030, resting in a café inside the King Abdulaziz Convention Center in Riyadh, Davos in the desert, the Kingdom’s role in economic growth and development renaissance, the Future Investment Initiative, international cooperation to confront global economic challenges.
Achieving growth and development in the space sector, a Saudi future vision 2030, the dream slogan is reality and ambition is determination, a Saudi Arab Gulf astronaut wearing astronaut uniforms carrying the identity flag of the Saudi National Day 93, recalling the National Day on September 23, the background of towers and skyscrapers
A close-up of a Saudi Arabian Gulf man looking to achieve a better future vision, gestures and facial expressions that indicate aspiration, keeping pace with aspirations and facing challenges, achieving ambitions, Vision 2030
Background of the historical beauty of Madin Saleh in Al-Ula Governorate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ancient historical and archaeological landmarks in the old town of Al-Ula, rock formations, design template for the Saudi National Day identity, cover
A Saudi Gulf Arab man and a Saudi Arabian Gulf woman with crossed hands, background for the logo is our home, identity for Saudi National Day 92, Saudi National Day, Saudi National Day identity design template, cover design (cover)
Gestures of belonging and love for the country, a Saudi Gulf Arab family looks at the camera confidently, a man wearing a shemagh and a thobe and carrying the flag of the Kingdom, the National Day for the Unification of Saudi Arabia, the Saudi National Day 8 Rabi’ al-Awwal, Flag Day March 11, the towers and skyscrapers of Riyadh at sunset
Future Vision 2030, Saudi Flag Day, March 11, a Saudi Gulf Arab boy wearing a white dress and shemagh and carrying the Saudi flag proudly, National Day for the Unification of Saudi Arabia, National Day 8 Rabi’ al-Awwal, background of the towers and skyscrapers in Riyadh at sunset
The future Vision 2030 logo for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the future, a vibrant society, a prosperous economy, and an ambitious nation, interest in development, growth, and achieving Saudi goals, white background.
Saudi Flag Day, March 11, the National Day for the Unification of Saudi Arabia, a picture from behind of a Saudi Gulf Arab boy wearing a white thobe and shemagh, carrying the Saudi flag and standing in front of the towers and skyscrapers of Riyadh at sunset, National Day 8 Rabi’ al-Awwal, the future 2030 vision
The historical beauty of Madin Saleh in Al-Ula Governorate, Saudi Arabia, our country is our home, ancient historical and archaeological landmarks in the old town of Al-Ula, rock formations, design template for the Saudi National Day identity, cover desig
Background of the historical beauty of Madin Saleh in Al-Ula Governorate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ancient historical and archaeological landmarks in the old town of Al-Ula, rock formations, design template for the Saudi National Day identity, cover
A Saudi Arabian Gulf woman on a visit to the Tuwaiq Mountains in Saudi Arabia, she is our home, desert nature, the anniversary of the founding of the Saudi state, cover design, the identity of the 92nd Saudi National Day, the End of the World area, histor
Angle from the back of a Saudi Arabian Gulf woman holding the flag of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the background of the logo because you are our home and the homeland, the anniversary of the establishment of the Saudi state, a design template for the Sau
Close-up of a Saudi Arabian Gulf woman standing upright with hands crossed, self-confidence, feeling of strength, background of a financial chart combined with stock market rise and fall 3D hologram charts, financial chart
Building a better reality with the hands of the people of the country, a close-up of the hand of a Saudi Gulf Arab man holding a pen in his hand and pointing to the phrase “an ambitious vision for a great nation,” a Saudi future vision 2030, interest in development, growth, and achieving Saudi goals, colored pens on a white background.
A Saudi Arabian Gulf man puts the flag of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on his shoulder, the identity of the 92nd Saudi National Day, belonging and patriotism, the Kingdom's National Day, pride and pride
Back angle of an old man, a Saudi Arabian Gulf Arab, walking forward, the flag of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the anniversary of the establishment of the Saudi state, the cradle of our glories, the identity of the Saudi National Day 92, It is our home, H
A depiction from the back of a Saudi Arabian Gulf boy wearing the flag of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on his back, gardens and green trees, the Saudi National Day, patriotism, pride and pride, the memory of the homeland day, the celebration of the Saudi N
A Saudi Arabian Gulf business woman at her workplace in the company. She follows up the stock exchange through her laptop, charts, the rise and fall of the financial stock exchange, financial and economic investment, and electronic business.
The Kingdom’s role in economic growth and development renaissance, achieving Saudi Vision 2030, leadership in promoting global economic opportunities in the city of Riyadh, businessmen and women in the Future Investment Initiative at the King Abdulaziz Convention Center, introductory electronic screens, Davos in the desert.
Rijal Alma’ Heritage Village in the Asir region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the identity of the Saudi National Day 92, a design template for the identity of the Saudi National Day, a cover design, historical Saudi landmarks, ancient mud buildings, a h
The future vision of Saudi Arabia 2030, a picture from behind of Saudi Gulf Arab children standing in front of a picture of King Salman bin Abdulaziz, celebrating Saudi National Day, September 23, Flag Day, March 11, pride and pride in belonging to the Kingdom
Models and designs of the city of the future “The Line” in Riyadh, introductory electronic screens at the NEOM exhibition, a Saudi future vision 2030, learning about the future of urban communities, global developments in innovative designs, visual displays, and engineering and architectural techniques.
Background of the historical beauty of Madin Saleh in Al-Ula Governorate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ancient historical and archaeological landmarks in the old town of Al-Ula, rock formations, design template for the Saudi National Day identity, cover
A Saudi Arabian Gulf business woman standing with folded hands, investment and trading in the stock exchange, economy and financial growth, the concept of financial analysis and investment opportunities, the background of a 3D hologram chart
A Saudi Arabian Gulf man using a mobile phone to make a business call, follow the stock market chart, monitor the rise and fall of the stock market, investment and trading in the stock market, the economy and financial growth, chart background
A close-up of a smiling and happy Saudi Arabian Gulf Arab man, looking forward to achieving a better future vision, gestures and facial expressions indicating happiness, keeping pace with aspirations and facing challenges, achieving successes and ambition
Saudi Vision 2030, urban progress and development, a picture from the back of a Saudi Gulf Arab man standing next to his wife and carrying the Kingdom’s flag, standing in front of the towers and skyscrapers of Riyadh at sunset, Saudi National Day, the National Day for the Unification of Saudi Arabia, Rabi’ al-Awwal 8, Flag Day, March 11,
A close-up of a smiling and happy Saudi Arabian Gulf Arab man, looking forward to achieving a better future vision, gestures and facial expressions indicating happiness, keeping pace with aspirations and facing challenges, achieving successes and ambition
Urban growth and development in Riyadh, Saudi National Day September 23, a Saudi Gulf Arab boy wearing a thobe and shemagh and carrying the Saudi flag, pride and pride in the homeland, celebrating National Day, Saudi Flag Day March 11, Saudi Arabia’s future vision 2030, sunrise background
A corner from the back of a Saudi Arabian Gulf woman carrying the flag of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the desert areas, the logo is our home, the anniversary of the establishment of the Saudi state, cover design, the identity of the Saudi National Day
Pride in the Saudi national identity, tigers and urban development in the city of Riyadh, a Saudi Gulf Arab man wearing traditional clothing and raising the Saudi flag happily and confidently, Saudi National Day, Saudi Flag Day March 11, National Day 8 Rabi’ al-Awwal, background of the King Abdullah Financial Center
The historical beauty of Madin Saleh in Al-Ula Governorate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, our country is our home, ancient historical and archaeological landmarks in the old town of Al-Ula, rock formations, template design for the Saudi National Day iden
Architectural engineering art for smart complexes and services in the digital city in Riyadh, advanced residential towers and buildings in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, famous commercial and economic landmarks, Saudi future vision 2030, interest in planting green trees in tourist cities.
National Day on Rabi` al-Awwal 8, feelings of love and belonging to Saudi Arabia, pride in the country's achievements and culture, celebration of National Day 93, Flag Day 1445 AH, close-up of a Saudi Arabian man and a Gulf Arab woman wearing traditional
Masterpieces of architectural designs and creativity of designers, investors gathering around models of residential and commercial complexes at the Cityscape International Exhibition, building a civilized and advanced future in Saudi Arabia, the Riyadh Exhibition Center in the town of Mulham, a future Saudi vision 2030
Celebrating with horses on the 93rd National Day on September 23, Saudi Arabia’s arrival to the outside world, a Saudi Arabian Gulf astronaut wearing a spacesuit carrying the flag of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and riding his horse, achieving growth and development in the space sector, starry sky background
A Saudi Arabian Gulf man holding a mobile phone in the palm of his hand, a 3D graphic and chart, following the cryptocurrency market via a mobile phone, monitoring the rise and fall of the financial stock exchange, investment and trading in the stock exch
Sustainability and architectural planning for the real estate sector, a close-up of a residential mock-up of National Housing projects at the Cityscape International Exhibition, investment opportunities in residential, commercial and hotel projects, the Riyadh Exhibition Center in the town of Mulham in Saudi Arabia, a future Saudi vision 2030
The historical beauty of Madin Saleh in Al-Ula Governorate, Saudi Arabia, the cradle of our glories, ancient historical and archaeological landmarks in the old town of Al-Ula, rock formations, cover design for the National Day, Al-Farid Palace in Al-Ula G
Models of residential and commercial projects in the National Housing Pavilion at the Cityscape International Exhibition, the influx of visitors to the Riyadh Exhibition Center in the town of Mulham in Saudi Arabia, sustainability and architectural planning for the real estate sector, investment opportunities in real estate projects, a future Saudi vision 2030
Davos in the desert, achieving Saudi Vision 2030, leadership in promoting global economic opportunities in the city of Riyadh, a businessman sitting at the table and using a mobile phone in the Future Investment Initiative at the King Abdulaziz Convention Center, the Kingdom’s role in economic growth and development renaissance.
Hospitality and entertainment in rich dialogue sessions, the slogan of launching change in the NEOM corner at the Cityscape International Exhibition, the Riyadh Exhibition Center in the town of Mulham, building a civilized and advanced future in Saudi Arabia, a future Saudi vision 2030
A depiction from the back of a Saudi Arabian Gulf boy wearing the flag of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on his back, gardens and green trees, the Saudi National Day, patriotism, pride and pride, the memory of the homeland day, the celebration of the Saudi N
A picture of a smiling Saudi Arabian Gulf Arab man at his workplace in the company using a computer combined with graphs for the rise and fall of the three-dimensional financial stock exchange using hologram technology, financial and economic investment,
National Saudi construction projects, a picture from the back of a Saudi Arabian Gulf engineer wearing a helmet and protection vest and standing in front of the Riyadh towers, building the nation with the help of its sons and engineers, the distinguished urban development of Riyadh, engineers of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
A Saudi Arabian Gulf businesswoman makes a phone call with a background combined with the financial chart and Saudi towers, follow-up to the chart of economic growth, success in financial trading, monitoring the economy and financial information, financia
A Saudi Arabian Gulf businessman next to him is a Saudi Arabian Gulf employee inside a Saudi company, a Saudi Gulf work team, discussing and organizing business, following up on the economy and financial growth, the background of the financial chart
Arab Saudi Gulf co-workers at company headquarters, business meeting, hologram background of economic growth chart, stock market trading, financial investment, stock market and stock market
The concept of advanced technology and technology, three-dimensional designs for future robots, achieving the industrial revolution and digital transformation, Saudi Vision 2030, a close-up of an advanced robot with high technologies standing straight and looking forward, the background of the Saudi flag
Achieving development and growth in the space sector, celebrating with horses on the 93rd National Day on September 23, Saudi Arabia’s arrival to the outside world, a Saudi Arabian Gulf astronaut wearing a spacesuit carrying the flag of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and riding his horse, background of the moon’s surface
Strengthening global cooperation, the Kingdom’s role in economic growth and development renaissance, achieving Saudi Vision 2030, leadership in supporting global economic opportunities in the city of Riyadh, a businessman and woman discussing the Future Investment Initiative at the King Abdulaziz Convention Center, Davos in the desert.
A Saudi Arabian Gulf Banking Systems and Databases employee uses a calculator and computer to classify and record financial information combined with a background of coins and charts for the rise and fall of the financial stock exchange, and the accountin
An angle from the back of a Saudi Arabian Gulf man holding the flag of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the anniversary of the founding of the Saudi state, the identity of the Saudi National Day 92, the love of the homeland, pride and pride, it is our home, t
Statistics to generate new insights, a digital matrix, a Saudi Arab Gulf businesswoman wearing virtual reality glasses, following up the stock market through modern electronic screens, analyzing data and information of a digital nature, a digital screen b
Close-up of the face of a Saudi Arabian Gulf woman wearing the niqab and looking at the camera, financial and economic investment, market study, background of a financial chart combined with charts of the rise and fall of the stock market with 3D hologram
A close-up of a Saudi Arabian Gulf man looking forward to achieving a better future vision, keeping pace with aspirations and facing challenges, realizing ambitions, Vision 2030
Imaginative designs for towers and skyscrapers in the middle of the desert environment in the Kingdom, a close-up picture of modern facilities in the sandy desert, urban development and growth, a Saudi future vision 2030
A Saudi Arabian Gulf man aspires to achieve a better future vision, standing in front of a screen containing a programming language with hologram technology with gestures indicating focus and aspiration, keeping pace with modernity and technological devel
A close-up of a Saudi Arabian Gulf man looking to achieve a better future vision, gestures and facial expressions that indicate aspiration, keeping pace with aspirations and facing challenges, achieving ambitions, Vision 2030
Saudi Flag Day, March 11, a picture from behind of a veiled Saudi Gulf Arab woman wearing an abaya and carrying the flag of the Kingdom, standing in front of the towers and skyscrapers of the city of Riyadh at sunrise, National Day, September 23, Saudi National Day, urban growth and development in Saudi Arabia
The global stock market, a three-dimensional holographic background, following charts on illuminated electronic screens, a Saudi Arabian Gulf businessman monitoring the rise and fall of stocks, integrating advanced technology with work, digital currency trading, a future vision 2030
Discussion and follow-up of digital data and information for Saudi stocks, two Saudi Gulf Arab businessmen using a tablet, financial and economic investment in the Saudi Stock Exchange, follow-up on the stock market, a modern electronic screen showing the
Feelings of love and belonging to Saudi Arabia, pride in the nation’s achievements and culture, celebration of National Day September 23, Science Day March 11, a Saudi Gulf Arab man and woman wearing traditional Saudi dress celebrating the unification of the Kingdom, background of the famous Riyadh towers
Rijal Alma’ Heritage Village in the Asir region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the identity of the Saudi National Day 92, a design template for the identity of the Saudi National Day, a cover design, historical Saudi landmarks, ancient mud buildings, a h
An Arab Gulf Saudi team inside the company's headquarters with a background combined with the Riyadh towers, a man and a woman standing with crossed hands, using a convertible tablet, monitoring financial information, the rise and fall of the stock index,
The role of women in the development of the real estate sector, masterpieces of architectural designs and creativity of designers, discussions and dialogues between investors about models of residential and commercial complexes in the Roshen pavilion at the Cityscape International Exhibition, the Riyadh Exhibition Center in the town of Mulham, a future Saudi vision 2030.
A Saudi Arabian Gulf woman holding the flag of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with the logo of the Saudi founding day, the visual identity of the Saudi founding day, the slogan of a fat day, the founding day, the old Saudi Arabia, the anniversary of the esta
A young Saudi Arabian Gulf man, holding the Saudi flag in his hand over the Al-Hashr Mountains in Al-Dayer Governorate in the Jazan region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in daytime, the identity of the 92nd Saudi National Day, the Kingdom’s National Day,
Portrait of a Saudi Arabian Gulf boy wearing the Saudi dress, facial and hands gestures that clearly indicate the vision, looking into the future, future goals, vision 2030, focusing on something, black background
Saudi Flag Day March 11th, engineering development and development of the construction sector with the hands of the people of the homeland, a close-up portrait of two smiling Saudi Arabian Gulf engineers wearing protection helmets standing with crossed ha
The slogan of the Green Riyadh Pavilion at the Cityscape International Exhibition, a future Saudi vision 2030, enhancing economic efficiency and achieving environmental sustainability, paying attention to afforestation and irrigation water projects, the Riyadh Exhibition Center in the town of Mulham in Saudi Arabia, increasing green spaces and raising the quality of life.
Pride in the achievements of the nation and its culture, feelings of love and belonging to Saudi Arabia, celebration of National Day September 23, Science Day March 11, a Saudi Gulf Arab man and woman wearing traditional Saudi dress celebrating the unification of the Kingdom, background of the famous towers of Riyadh
A close-up of a Saudi Arabian Gulf man looking to achieve a better future vision, gestures and facial expressions that indicate aspiration, keeping pace with aspirations and facing challenges, achieving ambitions, Vision 2030
Saudi Flag Day, March 11, celebration of the holiday and the Saudi National Day, a picture from behind of a veiled Saudi Gulf Arab woman wearing the black abaya and carrying the flag of the Kingdom, the anniversary of the unification of Saudi Arabia by King Abdulaziz September 23, background of the towers and skyscrapers of the city of Riyadh
Remembering National Day, September 23, looking at the camera with happy gestures, participating in national events, a picture from behind of a smiling Saudi Gulf Arab woman wearing the abaya and hijab, holding the Kingdom’s flag with respect and appreciation, Flag Day, March 11, illuminated buildings in the city of Riyadh
Facing global economic challenges, the Kingdom’s role in economic growth and development renaissance, achieving Saudi Vision 2030, discussions and dialogues between Arab and foreign businessmen and women in the Future Investment Initiative at the King Abdulaziz Convention Center in Riyadh, Davos in the desert.
The historical beauty of Madin Saleh in Al-Ula Governorate, Saudi Arabia, it is our home, ancient historical and archaeological landmarks in the old town of Al-Ula, rock formations, design template for the Saudi National Day identity, cover design, the id
Two Saudi Arabian Gulf women in the workplace, business meeting, discussing new projects, hologram background of the chart of economic growth, trading in the stock market, financial investment, stock market and stock market
Follow-up of the shares traded in Saudi Arabia through modern electronic screens, a Saudi Arabian Gulf businesswoman wearing virtual reality glasses and standing in front of the stock exchange screen, using the tablet to collect data and digital informati
A Saudi Arabian Gulf businesswoman holding a tablet, an architect, a hologram background for 3D engineering buildings, engineering and business development, economic growth, vision 2030
Standing upright and proud next to the flag of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Saudi National Day, Rabi’ al-Awwal 8, Saudi Flag Day, March 11, smiling Saudi Arab citizens wearing traditional dress in front of illuminated towers and skyscrapers at night in the city of Riyadh, commemoration of Saudi National Day
Riyadh Exhibition Center in the town of Mulham in Saudi Arabia, visitors gathered in front of models of residential and commercial complexes in the Diriyah pavilion at the Cityscape International Exhibition, investment opportunities in residential and commercial projects, building an advanced civilized future in Saudi Arabia, a future Saudi vision 2030
A Saudi Gulf Arab woman standing in the desert of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the traditional dress for the Saudi Foundation Day, old Saudi Arabia, the anniversary of the founding day of the Saudi state, the founding of the Kingdom 1727 AD.
The urban development of the towers and skyscrapers of Riyadh, a smiling Saudi Gulf Arab couple looking at the camera, a man wearing a shemagh and white thobe and carrying the Saudi flag, Saudi National Day, National Day 8 Rabi’ al-Awwal, Flag Day March 11, Saudi Future Vision 2030
The urban development of skyscrapers in Saudi Arabia, a picture from the back of a Saudi Arab Gulf man standing next to his wife and holding the Kingdom's flag, the National Day for the Unification of Saudi Arabia 93, the Saudi National Day September 23,
A display screen for the shares traded in Saudi Arabia, a Saudi Arab Gulf businessman standing in front of the stock trading screens and using the tablet to analyze data and information of a digital nature, investing in the Saudi Stock Exchange, following
Three-dimensional holographic background, digital symbols for computer icons and artificial intelligence, electronic development and technological growth in the field of artificial intelligence, a picture from the side of a Saudi Gulf Arab man wearing a traditional dress looking somewhere, a future vision 2030
Developing educational curricula to meet the needs of society and the labor market, a close-up portrait of a Saudi Gulf Arab student wearing a school uniform, sitting at the study table and looking at the camera with a smile, Saudi future vision 2030, black background.
Celebrating Flag Day, March 11, commemorating the date of the National Day for the Unification of Saudi Arabia, Rabi’ al-Awwal 8, Saudi National Day, a smiling Saudi-Gulf Arab engineer wearing a helmet and protection vest and holding the Kingdom’s flag, the nation’s renaissance thanks to its children, the background of the distinguished Riyadh towers
Popular national celebrations, Flag Day, March 11, anniversary of the unification of the Kingdom, Rabi’ al-Awwal 8, pride in the nation’s achievements, a picture from behind the man, a Saudi Gulf Arab wearing a shemagh and traditional thobe carrying the Saudi flag, loyalty to the nation by celebrating the Saudi National Day
A picture from the back of a Saudi Gulf Arab man wearing a white thobe and shemagh and carrying the Saudi flag, commemorating the National Day for the Unification of Saudi Arabia, Rabi’ al-Awwal 8, Saudi Flag Day, March 11, Saudi National Day, Saudi Vision 2030, towers and skyscrapers at sunset
Analyzing digital data and information, a Saudi Arabian Gulf businesswoman standing in front of the stock exchange screen and holding a portable tablet, following up the rise and fall of the stock index through modern electronic screens, financial and eco
Commemoration of the National Day of the unification of the Kingdom at the hand of King Abdulaziz, gestures of pride in the nation’s achievements, a Saudi Gulf Arab pilot wearing a flight suit and standing tall and carrying the Saudi flag, celebrating the Saudi National Day on September 23, Flag Day on March 11, background of the towers of the city of Riyadh
Saudi Gulf Arab man and Saudi Arabian Gulf woman with crossed hands, background for future Saudi projects, identity for Saudi National Day 92, Saudi National Day, Saudi National Day identity design template, cover design (cover)
Future Saudi Vision 2030, the housing program pavilion at the Cityscape International Exhibition, investment opportunities in residential and commercial projects, interest in heritage, cultural and development projects, the Riyadh Exhibition Center in the town of Mulham in Saudi Arabia, sustainability and architectural planning for the real estate sector
Silhouette of a Saudi Arabian Gulf businessman placing his hand on his chin, facial and hand gestures indicating confusion and thinking, monitoring financial information, contemplation and planning, the chart, the rise and fall of the stock index, monitor