My Account
Oil and gas refinery in industrial area amidst forests and nature, steel pipelines and cables, petrochemical industries and projects, pollution resulting from oil production, factories and plants in Saudi Arabia, huge and large warehouses, industrial engineering and equipment
Work progress at work site, a, Back view of two Saudi Arabian Gulf workers wearing orange protective suits and helmets Oil and gas refinery, pipelines extending from the depths of the sea to the refineries, working in the field of petroleum engineering in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authentic Arab gold mines, exploration areas for underground resources, heavy equipment and machinery, drilling and mining operations, factories and plants of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, renaissance of the Saudi national economy, tunneling and underground mines tools
Towers and metal structures in the lands, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, desert, large and huge warehouses and tanks, petrochemical industries and projects, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, oil and gas refineries, fuel factories and mines in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
The concept of petroleum engineering, oil and gas refinery, petrochemical industries and projects, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, oil factories in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the quality of machinery and equipment in factories that extract oil wealth from the depths of the sea
Lighting towers and metal structures at night, oil factories and plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, oil and gas refineries, petrochemical industries and projects, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, large and huge warehouses and tanks
Building under construction in Saudi Arabia, heavy machinery and equipment, cranes and high scaffolding, concept of structural and architectural engineering, construction works, concrete pouring and foundation laying, implementation of construction plan and metal structure formation
Using cranes and scaffolds on construction sites, industrial engineering jobs in Saudi Arabia, a close-up photo of a Saudi Arabian Gulf construction worker wearing a helmet and protective vest, walking with gestures of fatigue and exhaustion, working in the construction field, supervising the work of heavy machinery and equipment.
The concept of work in the industrial engineering sector, oil refineries in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the quality of machinery and equipment in oil extraction plants, the use of modern technologies in the production of oils and gas at sunset
Authentic Arab gold mines, exploration areas for underground resources, heavy equipment and machinery, drilling and mining operations, factories and plants of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, renaissance of the Saudi national economy, tunneling and underground mines tools
Oil and gas refinery, petrochemical projects contributing to the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, metal and chemical industries, oil factories in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, quality of oil production plants and equipment, large illuminated industrial facilities
Construction work, pouring concrete and laying foundations, a construction site crowded with machinery, heavy equipment, cranes and high scaffolding, a building under construction in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the concept of structural and architectural engineering, implementing the reconstruction plan and forming the metal structure
Machinery and equipment in oil extraction plants from the depths of the seas, the concept of petroleum engineering, oil factories in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, oil and gas refinery, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, petrochemical industries and projects
Petrochemical industries and projects, huge and large warehouses, engineering and industrial equipment, factories and laboratories in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, oil and gas refining plant, smoke factory refinery, white background
Development, modernization and reconstruction of facilities and buildings in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, heavy machinery and equipment, a bulldozer that works to lift and fill sand and gravel, the concept of engineering, construction and development, engineering professions and jobs
Construction works, concrete pouring and foundation laying, implementation of reconstruction plan and metal structure formation, building under construction in Saudi Arabia, heavy machinery and equipment, cranes and high scaffolding, concept of structural and architectural engineering, tower under construction using modern machinery
Quality of petroleum production plants and equipment, large industrial facilities, oil and gas refinery, petrochemical projects contributing to the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, oil factories in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, metal and chemical industries
Oil and gas refinery, petrochemical industries and projects, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, lighting towers and metal structures at sunset, large and huge warehouses and tanks, oil factories and laboratories in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Saudi national economy renaissance, aerial view of oil and gas refinery, large and huge warehouses and tanks, steel pipelines and cables, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, oil factories and plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, petrochemical industries and projects
Industrial engineering jobs and professions in Saudi Arabia, close-up of a group of Saudi Arabian Gulf workers pouring wet concrete, heavy iron machinery and equipment, work in the field of structural and architectural engineering, construction, contracting and civil development works
Petrochemical industries and projects, an oil and gas platform for extracting oils, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, an excavator performing exploration, the quality of machinery and equipment in factories that extract oil wealth from the depths of the sea, the concept of petroleum engineering
Construction, contracting and real estate development works, the concept of improving the country's infrastructure, establishing foundations and structures for residential projects and modern factories, architectural and urban development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, constructing buildings and mega projects, erecting contemporary towers and skyscrapers
Automated production line in assembling and installing car parts, using advanced devices in the production and manufacturing of modern cars, relying on automated operations of robot arms in the Kingdom’s factories and plants, Saudi Vision 2030, achieving the industrial revolution
Oil factories and plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, lighting towers and metal structures, oil and gas refinery, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, large and huge warehouses and tanks, petrochemical industries and projects
Oil refineries in Saudi Arabia, petrochemical projects contributing to the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, gas plants and refineries, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, towers and metal structures at sunset, large and huge warehouses and tanks
Oil factories in Saudi Arabia, oil and gas refinery, renaissance of the Saudi national economy, quality of machinery and equipment in oil extraction plants from the depths of the seas, petrochemical industries and projects, concept of petroleum engineering
Lighting towers illuminate streets and roads in Saudi Arabia, Quality of petroleum production plants and equipment, Steel pipelines and cables, Huge industrial facilities, Petrochemical projects contributing to the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, Oil factories in the Kingdom, Metal and chemical industries
Smoke rising from factories and polluting the environment, industrial plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, development industries contributing to the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, large and huge warehouses and tanks, an industrial station with towers and metal structures at sunset, reliance on local national production
Following up and supervising the progress of projects, Saudi engineering jobs and professions, a Saudi Gulf Arab engineer wearing a protective jacket and helmet, looking at the laptop, monitoring the work of machines through modern technical devices.
Petrochemical projects contribute to the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, view of the sky at dusk with high illuminated structures, field of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, oil and gas refinery, oil factories and plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, large and huge warehouses and tanks
Modern technologies in the production of oils and gas, the quality of machinery and equipment in oil extraction plants, petroleum refining plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the concept of work in the industrial engineering sector.
The concept of structural and architectural engineering, construction works, concrete pouring and foundation laying, implementation of the construction plan and forming the metal structure, a tower under construction using modern machinery, a building under construction in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, heavy equipment, cranes and high scaffolding
Heavy machinery and equipment, a bulldozer that works to lift and fill sand and gravel during the day, the concept of engineering, construction and development, industrial engineering professions and jobs in Saudi Arabia
Implementing the reconstruction plan and forming the metal structure, a picture from the back of an Arab Gulf Emirati engineer wearing a jacket and a protective helmet standing at the work site, the concept of structural and architectural engineering, construction work, pouring concrete and laying foundations
Oil and gas refinery, petrochemical projects contributing to the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, metal and chemical industries, oil factories in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, quality of petroleum production plants and equipment.
Building the main façade and implementing the reconstruction plan by forming the basic structure of the building, a skyscraper under construction in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, heavy machinery and equipment, cranes and high scaffolding, the concept of structural and architectural engineering, a tower under construction using modern mechanisms
Renaissance of the Saudi national economy, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, lighting towers and metal structures in the evening, oil factories and plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, large and huge warehouses and tanks, oil and gas refinery, petrochemical industries and projects
Using advanced robots in the manufacture of cars and vehicles, automation of production lines in the Kingdom’s factories and plants, integrating modern technology and techniques in the field of mechanics, achieving the industrial revolution, Saudi Vision 2030, relying on machine arms in repair and welding operations
Relying on machine arms in repair and welding operations, using advanced robots in the manufacture of cars and vehicles, automating production lines in the Kingdom’s factories and plants, integrating modern technology and techniques in the field of mechanics, achieving the industrial revolution, Saudi Vision 2030
Silhouette of a building under construction in Saudi Arabia, concept of structural and architectural engineering, group of workers implementing the construction plan and forming the metal structure, construction works, pouring concrete and laying foundations, heavy machinery and equipment, cranes and high scaffolding, Saluit
Petrochemical industries and projects, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, the gas refinery, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, the view of large and huge warehouses and tanks at sunset, oil factories and laboratories in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Integrating modern technology and techniques in the field of mechanics, using advanced robots in the manufacture of cars and vehicles, automating production lines in the Kingdom’s factories and plants, achieving the industrial revolution, Saudi Vision 2030, relying on machine arms in repair and welding operations
Construction, contracting and real estate development, architectural and urban development in Saudi Arabia, construction of buildings and large projects, establishment of foundations and structures for residential projects, factories and skyscrapers, improvement of the country's infrastructure, heavy machinery and equipment, cranes and high scaffolding
Petrochemical industries and projects, petroleum engineering concept, oil factories in Saudi Arabia, oil and gas refinery, renaissance of the Saudi national economy, quality of machinery and equipment in factories extracting oil wealth from the depths of the seas
The concept of large construction and building projects, hydraulic bulldozers doing mining work to transport and empty soil in mountainous areas in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, industrial engineering professions and jobs, using heavy machinery and equipment in rugged areas during the day
Building under construction using modern machinery in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, implementation of the reconstruction plan and forming the metal structure, construction works, pouring concrete and laying foundations, heavy machinery and equipment, cranes and high scaffolding, the concept of structural and architectural engineering
Renaissance of the Saudi national economy, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, petrochemical industries and projects, gas refinery, view of large and huge warehouses and tanks, oil factories and laboratories in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
The concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf States, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, towers and metal structures in desert lands, large and huge warehouses and tanks, oil and gas refineries, fuel factories and mines in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, petrochemical industries and projects
Growth of thorns and herbs in the wilds of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, a group of thorny cactus plants in desert areas, wild thorny plants in natural reserves
Towers and metal structures in the lands, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, desert, large and huge warehouses and tanks, petrochemical industries and projects, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, oil and gas refineries, fuel factories and mines in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
A construction site crowded with machinery, heavy equipment, cranes and high scaffolding, construction work, pouring concrete and laying foundations, a building under construction in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the concept of structural and architectural engineering, implementing the reconstruction plan and forming the metal structure
Petrochemical industries and projects, oil and gas refineries, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, towers and metal structures in desert lands, large and huge warehouses and tanks, fuel factories and plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Supervising the work of heavy machinery and equipment, using cranes and scaffolds on construction sites, industrial engineering jobs in Saudi Arabia, a close-up photo of a Saudi Gulf Arab construction worker wearing a helmet and protective vest looking at something with tired and exhausted gestures working in the construction field
Oil and gas refineries, petrochemical industries and projects, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, metal towers and structures in desert lands.
Oil and gas refinery, petrochemical projects contributing to the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, metal and chemical industries, oil factories in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, quality of oil production plants and equipment, large illuminated industrial facilities
Lighting of towers and metal structures at night, large and huge warehouses and tanks, oil factories and plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, working in the field of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, a side view of a Saudi Arabian Gulf engineer wearing a jacket and a protective helmet following the progress of work in the plants
Oil and gas refineries, petrochemical industries and projects, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, towers and metal structures in desert lands, large and huge warehouses and tanks, fuel factories and mines in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Giant industrial engineering and equipment, oil and gas refinery in industrial area, steel pipelines and cables, petrochemical industries and projects, large industrial complex with tall smoke chimneys in Saudi Arabia, huge and large warehouses
Large and massive warehouses and tanks, oil and gas refineries, petrochemical industries and projects, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, towers and metal structures in desert lands, fuel factories and mines in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
interior of modern factory
Smoke from huge industrial facilities, oil and gas refineries, petrochemical projects contributing to the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, oil factories and laboratories in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, lighting of towers and metal structures at dawn, pollution resulting from oil production
Oil and gas refineries in the industrial zone in Saudi Arabia, Extracting underground resources from the sea, Petrochemical industries and projects in the Kingdom, Huge machines and heavy equipment used in oil exploration, Working in the field of petroleum engineering, Saudi economic growth and progress
Structural and architectural engineering concept, a building under construction in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, a construction site crowded with machinery, heavy equipment, cranes and high scaffolding, construction work, pouring concrete and laying foundations, implementing the reconstruction plan and forming the metal structure
View of large and huge warehouses and tanks at night, petrochemical industries and projects, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, oil and gas refineries, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, oil factories and laboratories in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Oil and gas refinery, petrochemical industries and projects, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, lighting towers and metal structures at sunset, large and huge warehouses and tanks, oil factories and laboratories in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Petrochemical industries and projects, petroleum engineering concept, oil factories in Saudi Arabia, oil and gas refinery, renaissance of the Saudi national economy, quality of machinery and equipment in factories extracting oil wealth from the depths of the seas
Paving the main streets, the concept of engineering, construction and development, engineering professions and jobs in Saudi Arabia, stone crushing plant and huge machines, the power and technology of the process of extracting and crushing rocks, heavy machinery and equipment, a machine for laying asphalt levelly on the roads
Oil and gas refinery, petrochemical projects contributing to the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, metal and chemical industries, oil factories in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, quality of oil production plants and equipment, large illuminated industrial facilities
Integrating modern technology and techniques in the field of mechanics, using advanced robots in the manufacture of cars and vehicles, automating production lines in the Kingdom’s factories and plants, achieving the industrial revolution, Saudi Vision 2030, relying on machine arms in repair and welding operations
Hydraulic bulldozers doing mining work to transport and empty soil in mountainous areas in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the concept of large construction and building projects, industrial engineering professions and jobs, using heavy machinery and equipment in rugged areas during the day
Relying on automated operations of robotic arms in the Kingdom’s factories and plants, Saudi Vision 2030, achieving the industrial revolution, automated production line in assembling and installing car parts, using advanced devices in the production and manufacturing of modern cars
The concept of large construction and building projects, a hydraulic bulldozer doing one of the mining works to transport and empty soil in mountainous areas in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, industrial engineering professions and jobs, using heavy machinery and equipment in rugged areas during the day
The concept of improving the country's infrastructure, construction, contracting and real estate development works for towers, establishing foundations and structures for residential projects and factories, architectural and urban development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, construction of buildings and mega projects, heavy machinery and equipment, cranes and high scaffolding
Construction work, pouring concrete and laying foundations, implementing the reconstruction plan and forming the metal structure, the concept of structural and architectural engineering, a building under construction in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, a construction site crowded with machinery, heavy equipment, cranes and high scaffolding.
The concept of improving the country's infrastructure, construction, contracting and real estate development works for towers, establishing foundations and structures for residential projects and factories, architectural and urban development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, construction of buildings and mega projects, heavy machinery and equipment, cranes and high scaffolding
Machinery, heavy equipment, cranes and high scaffolding, the concept of structural and architectural engineering, a building under construction in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, construction work, pouring concrete and laying foundations, implementing the reconstruction plan and forming the metal structure, a tower under construction using modern mechanisms
The quality of machinery and equipment in oil extraction plants, the use of modern technologies in oil and gas production, oil refining plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the concept of work in the industrial engineering sector, the view of clouds in the sky
Large and huge warehouses and tanks, fuel factories and mines in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, metal towers and structures in desert lands, oil and gas refineries, petrochemical industries and projects, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy.
Urban expansion in Saudi Arabia, concept of structural and architectural engineering, panoramic image of modern buildings and facilities under construction, construction cranes, concrete pouring and foundation laying, implementation of construction plan and metal structure formation
Hydraulic bulldozers doing mining work to transport and empty soil in mountainous areas in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the concept of large construction and building projects, industrial engineering professions and jobs, using heavy machinery and equipment in rugged areas during the day
Engineering and development concept, engineering professions and jobs, construction of buildings and mega projects, concept of improving the country's infrastructure, development, modernization and reconstruction of facilities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, heavy machinery and equipment, excavator working to lift and pack sand and gravel during the day
Relying on automated operations of robotic arms in the Kingdom’s factories and plants, Saudi Vision 2030, achieving the industrial revolution, automated production line in assembling and installing car parts, using advanced devices in the production and manufacturing of modern cars
Petrochemical industries and projects, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, the concept of petroleum engineering, the oil and gas refinery illuminated at night, oil factories in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the quality of machinery and equipment in factories that extract oil wealth from the depths of the seas
Giant industrial engineering and equipment, oil and gas refinery in industrial area, steel pipelines and cables, petrochemical industries and projects, large industrial complex with tall smoke chimneys in Saudi Arabia, huge and large warehouses
Towers and metal structures in the lands, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, desert, large and huge warehouses and tanks, petrochemical industries and projects, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, oil and gas refineries, fuel factories and mines in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Construction, contracting and real estate development works, the concept of improving the country's infrastructure, establishing foundations and structures for residential projects and modern factories, architectural and urban development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, constructing buildings and mega projects, erecting contemporary towers and skyscrapers
Oil factories and plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, lighting towers and metal structures, oil and gas refinery, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, large and huge warehouses and tanks, petrochemical industries and projects
Using advanced robots in the manufacture of cars and vehicles, automation of production lines in the Kingdom’s factories and plants, integrating modern technology and techniques in the field of mechanics, achieving the industrial revolution, Saudi Vision 2030, relying on machine arms in repair and welding operations
Petrochemical industries and projects, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, fuel factories and mines in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, large and huge warehouses and tanks, towers and metal structures in desert lands, oil and gas refineries
Industrial engineering and equipment, oil and gas refining plant in industrial area, steel pipelines and cables, petrochemical industries and projects, aerial view from above of power generation and waste recycling plants in Saudi Arabia ports, huge and large warehouses
Working on developing and improving the country, the concept of structural and architectural engineering, implementing the construction plan and forming the metal structure, construction cranes and pouring concrete, skyscrapers and towers on a site under construction in Saudi Arabia
Oil and gas refineries, petrochemical industries and projects, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, towers and metal structures in desert lands, large and huge warehouses and tanks, fuel factories and mines in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Saudi National Economy Revival, Towers and Metal Structures in Desert Lands, Large and Huge Warehouses and Tanks, Petrochemical Industries and Projects, Petroleum Engineering Concept in Gulf Countries, Oil and Gas Refineries, Fuel Factories and Mines in Saudi Arabia
Large and huge warehouses and tanks, pipelines and steel cables, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, oil factories and plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, petrochemical industries and projects, an aerial view of an oil and gas refinery
Large and massive warehouses and tanks, towers and metal structures in desert lands, oil and gas refineries, petrochemical industries and projects, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, fuel factories and mines in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Construction, contracting and real estate development, establishing the foundations for residential projects, building construction and mega projects in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, close-up of a Saudi Arabian Gulf worker wearing a helmet and a protective vest pouring concrete at a construction site, youth professions and jobs
Large and massive warehouses and tanks, towers and metal structures in desert lands, oil and gas refineries, petrochemical industries and projects, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, fuel factories and mines in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Oil refinery factories in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the concept of work in the industrial engineering sector, the quality of machinery and equipment in oil extraction factories, modern technologies in oil and gas production.
Raw metal factories in Saudi Arabia, close-up of a Saudi Arabian Gulf blacksmith wearing protective clothing welding iron, steel and various metals production line, heavy machinery and equipment, skill in mastering work in a blacksmith factory
The quality of machinery and equipment in oil extraction plants, the use of modern technologies in the production of oils and gas, petroleum refining plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the concept of work in the industrial engineering sector.
Structural and architectural engineering concept, a building under construction in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, a construction site crowded with machinery, heavy equipment, cranes and high scaffolding, construction work, pouring concrete and laying foundations, implementing the reconstruction plan and forming the metal structure
Fuel factories and mines in Saudi Arabia, large and huge warehouses and tanks, towers and metal structures in desert lands, oil and gas refineries, petrochemical industries and projects, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy
The quality of machinery and equipment in oil extraction plants, the concept of work in the industrial engineering sector, modern technologies in oil and gas production, petroleum refining plants at sunset in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Large and huge warehouse tanks, metal towers and structures in desert lands, oil and gas refineries, petrochemical industries and projects, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy, fuel factories in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Oil and gas refinery, lighting of towers and metal structures at night, large and huge warehouses and tanks, oil factories and plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the concept of petroleum engineering in the Gulf countries, petrochemical industries and projects, the renaissance of the Saudi national economy
Two cranes working on the construction of a large facility, the concept of structural and architectural engineering, the use of modern machinery in Saudi Arabia, the implementation of the reconstruction plan and the formation of the metal structure, construction works, pouring concrete and laying foundations, heavy machinery and equipment, cranes and high scaffolding
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